The LMO gene and protein family

The first gene in the class, subsequently named the LIM Domain Only genes (LMO), was found as a transcribed region on human chromosome 11 band p15 near to a T cell acute leukaemia chromosomal translocation breakpoint. cDNA cloning showed a short coding region - initially designated RBTN1 or TTG1 (Boehm et al, 1988; McGuire et al, 1989) - that became known as LMO1.

There are three other members of this family, two of which (LMO2 and LMO3) are also adjacent to T cell acute leukaemia chromosomal translocation breakpoints. The fourth gene (LMO4) has no known association with translocations but has been implicated in breast cancer. Table 1 summarises the chromosomal locations and clinical associations of the LMO genes.

The LMO proteins are conserved in evolution and have two LIM domains, each comprising two LIM fingers co-ordinated by zinc atoms. These are not typical zinc fingers but rather are involved in a multi-protein transcription complex (Wadman et al, 1997). The LMO2 protein complex is the most well studied following initial characterisation and demonstration of the requirement for LMO2 in haematopoiesis (Warren et al, 1994). There is conservation of the orthologues and paralogues shown in the Tables.

LMO family: Table 1 Table 2

LMO1: Table 3 Table 4

LMO2: Table 5 Table 6

LMO3: Table 7 Table 8

LMO4: Table 9 Table 10

References

Boehm, T., Baer, R., Lavenir, I., Forster, A., Waters, J.J., Nacheva, E., Rabbitts, T.H. (1988). The mechanism of chromosomal translocation t(,11;14) involving the T-cell receptor C delta locus on human chromosome 14g11 and a transcribed region of chromosome 11p15. EMBO J. 1988, 7, 385-94

McGuire, E.A., Hockett, R.D., Pollock, K.M., Bartholdi, M.F., O'Brien, S.J., Korsmeyer, S.J. (1989). The t(11;14)(p15;q11) in a T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line activates multiple transcripts, including Ttg-1, a gene encoding a potential zing finger protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1989, 9, 2124-32

Wadman, I.A., Osada, H., Grutz, G.G., Agulnick, A.D., Westphal, H., Forster, A. and Rabbitts, T.H. (1997). The LIM-only protein Lmo2 is a bridging molecule assembling an erythroid, DNA-binding complex which includes the TAL1, E47, GATA-1 and Ldb1/NLI proteins. EMBO J., 1997;16:3145-3157

Warren, A.J., Colledge, W.H., Carlton, M.B.L., Evans, M.J., Smith, A.J.H. and Rabbitts, T.H. (1994). The oncogenic cysteine-rich LIM domain protein rbtn2 is essential for erythroid development. Cell, 1994;78:45-58

Chambers, J., Rabbitts, T.H. (2015). LMO2 at 25 years: A paradigm of chromosomal translocation proteins. Open Biology 2015, 5, 150062